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Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells defined by two fundamental properties: the capacity for self-renewal through cell division, and the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types with distinct structures and functions.

Type: Concept Domain: Biology Medicine Era: 1998 — present

Overview

Depending on origin and potency, stem cells range from totipotent cells capable of generating an entire organism to pluripotent embryonic stem cells to multipotent adult stem cells restricted to particular lineages such as blood or muscle. The landmark 2006 discovery by Shinya Yamanaka that ordinary somatic cells could be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) demonstrated unexpected plasticity in cellular identity and circumvented longstanding ethical concerns about embryonic sources.

Why it matters

Stem cells occupy a foundational position in regenerative medicine — their capacity to replace damaged tissue represents a potential breakthrough in treating Parkinson's disease, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, and heart failure — and their study has revolutionized cancer biology by revealing cancer stem cell subpopulations responsible for disease progression and treatment resistance.

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