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Human Genome Project

The Human Genome Project is the landmark international scientific collaboration, conducted from 1990 to 2003, that sequenced and mapped the complete set of human DNA — approximately three billion base pairs encoding roughly 20,000 to 25,000 genes.

Type: Event Domain: Biology Technology Medicine Era: 1990 — 2003

Overview

Coordinated by the United States National Institutes of Health and Department of Energy alongside partner institutions in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and China, the project delivered a reference human genome sequence and revealed that humans share approximately 99.9% of their DNA, reshaping concepts of individual identity and population diversity.

Why it matters

The project fundamentally transformed biological research by enabling the systematic identification of genetic variants linked to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and rare inherited disorders, directly accelerating precision medicine, pharmacogenomics, and targeted therapies.

What it builds on

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