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Coevolution

Coevolution is the process by which two or more interacting species or systems exert reciprocal selective pressures on one another, driving parallel change over time through ongoing mutual influence.

Type: Concept Domain: Biology Social Science Technology History

Overview

Unlike unidirectional adaptation, coevolution is fundamentally relational: each party's traits are shaped by, and in turn reshape, the other's. Classic biological examples include predator-prey arms races — cheetah speed and gazelle agility escalating in tandem — and mutualistic partnerships such as flowering plants and their pollinators, where anatomical and behavioral traits become tightly interlocked across generations.

Why it matters

Coevolution reframes adaptation not as a passive response to a static environment but as a dynamic negotiation between interdependent actors, shifting evolutionary biology toward systems-level thinking. The Red Queen hypothesis — that organisms must continuously evolve merely to maintain fitness against co-evolving competitors — emerged from this framework, helping explain the extraordinary diversity and complexity of life, including immune system elaboration and the diversity of orchid morphology.

What it builds on

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