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Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is the capacity of bacteria to withstand the effects of drugs that would ordinarily kill or inhibit them, rendering previously effective treatments ineffective through genetic mutation and horizontal gene transfer.

Type: Concept Domain: Medicine Biology Social Science Era: 1945 — present

Overview

Resistance arises via spontaneous mutation conferring survival advantages and via horizontal gene transfer — through plasmids, transposons, and bacteriophages — that spreads resistance genes rapidly between bacterial strains and even across species. Selective pressure from antibiotic use accelerates proliferation of resistant populations, progressively displacing susceptible strains.

Why it matters

The World Health Organization identifies antibiotic resistance as one of the greatest threats to global public health, with drug-resistant infections already responsible for millions of deaths annually. Common procedures — surgery, chemotherapy, organ transplantation — depend critically on functioning antibiotics to prevent secondary infection, meaning resistance threatens the structural foundations of modern medicine itself.

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